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[75] One South Vietnamese minister told Karnow at the time: "Our big advantage over the Americans is that they want to win the war more than we do". Robert McNamara, who was Secretary of Defence at the time, later said, “Our misjudgements of friend and foe alike reflected our profound ignorance of the history, culture and politics of the people in the area and the personalities and habits of their leaders.” McKinsey: Lessons in Leadership and Well-Being from Bill George, Marketplace: Believe It or Not, Businesses Are Society’s Most Trusted Institutions, The Good Leader: Leading Through the COVID-19 Pandemic with Corie Barry and Bill George, Mindfulness & Compassion Week – June 7-13, 2021 at 1440 Multiversity, Imago Andei Blog: Bill George-True North: Discover Your Authentic Leadership, Popped Kernel: Bill George: A Lesson in Authentic Leadership, Brain Leaders and Learners: Bill George Warns you not to Waste a Crisis, Aaron Allison: A Day Off with "True North", Bob Sutton, Work Matters: True North: Economics and Humanity are Compatible, BrightSight Group: A Good Month for True North. [118], Because the effects of Operation Rolling Thunder were more easily measured than with the ground war, McNamara was especially troubled by the revelation that the bombing offensive had not caused the collapse of North Vietnam's economy as predicted. The fundamental purpose of management is being debated at leading business schools, where students consider the merits of taking professional oaths that would commit them to pursue goals beyond financial performance. In fact, the willingness to question oneself and learn from experience may be Robert McNamara’s greatest legacy as a manager. Before commissioning into the Army Air Force, McNamara was a Cadet in the Golden Bear Battalion at U.C. [121] McNamara's own teenage son, Robert Craig McNamara, was opposed to the war and denounced his father when he came from work every day. Selected by President John F. Kennedy to serve as secretary of defense, McNamara arrived in Washington in January 1961. While the directive was passed in 1963, it was not until 1967 that the first non-military establishment was declared off-limits. Springer, Feb 4, 2013 - Business & Economics - 254 pages. Found inside – Page 133The leader of the foreign policy team was Robert McNamara, who was tapped to ... As it turned out, Kennedy was not an especially effective domestic leader. Watch Bill's discussion about vaccine distribution. McNamara´s greatest flaw was his inability to admit his mistakes. Robert McNamara in 1964 Robert Strange McNamara (born June 9 , 1916 ), American businessman and politician, was arguably the greatest Defense Secretary in US History. The career of Robert S. McNamara spanned academia, private enterprise, government, and humanitarian service. I had the privilege of working for him in 1966-1967 as assistant to the Pentagon´s CFO. … McNamara’s skills were precisely what had been needed in sprawling organizations staffed by insiders. Watch Bill discuss the impact of Coronavirus on the global economy. [179] He is the owner of Sierra Orchards in Winters, California. Watch Bill discuss the impacts of Elon Musk's behavior and the success of Tesla. Robert Strange McNamara (/ˈmæknəmærə/) (June 9, 1916 – July 6, 2009) was an American business executive and the eighth United States Secretary of Defense, serving from 1961 to 1968 under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. In the past decade, as evidence that markets are far from efficient has mounted and much of the wealth created has been wiped out, basic questions about management have resurfaced. Yet in this dark episode, too, the career of Robert McNamara lets us appreciate how management thinking has taken important steps forward. Credited with leading the US into the Vietnam War and forming and escalating Operation Rolling Thunder, a sustained, massive U.S. aerial bombing of targets in North Vietnam. [126] McNamara wrote: "The picture of the world's greatest superpower killing or seriously injuring 1,000 noncombatants a week, while trying to pound a tiny backward nation into submission on an issue whose merits are hotly disputed, is not a pretty one". [132], Toward the end of his term McNamara also opposed an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system proposed for installation in the U.S. in defense against Soviet missiles, arguing the $40 billion "in itself is not the problem; the penetrability of the proposed shield is the problem. U.S. arms, he maintained, must constantly be under civilian command and control, and the nation's defense posture had to be "designed to reduce the danger of irrational or unpremeditated general war." Plenty of words have already been written about former Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, and more will be written now that he is gone. Austere and formal, with rimless glasses and neatly slicked-back hair, McNamara projected a no-nonsense air. [138] McNamara praised Kennedy's "shrewd diplomacy", saying he had "remained calm and cool, firm, but restrained, never nettled and never rattled". Today faith in the expertise of a small elite is balanced by the recognition of settings where the many know more than the few. I won’t answer it directly. Bill shared a first-hand experience with the dangers of groupthink. “Early in my life, I worked in the U.S. Department of Defense as a civilian in the era of Robert McNamara … Republican Barry Goldwater called McNamara “one of the best secretaries ever, an IBM machine with legs.”, Barry Goldwater called McNamara “one of the best secretaries ever, an IBM machine with legs.”. Top Secret. They speak to the ultimate question that confronts us all: Has my life’s work been important? [87] Though Johnson now had the authority to wage war, he proved reluctant to use it, for example by ignoring the advice of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to bomb North Vietnam after a VC attack on Bien Hoa Air Base killed five Americans and destroyed 5 B-57 bombers. [174] During his visit, McNamara met his opposite number during the war, General Võ Nguyên Giáp who served as North Vietnam's Defense Minister. The single-minded emphasis on rational analysis based on quantifiable data led to grave errors. [143] He warned that the prospect of American bombers damaging or sinking Soviet merchantmen while wounding or killing Soviet sailors carried too much risk of causing World War Three. I won’t answer it directly. "McNamara's failures—and ours: Vietnam's unlearned lessons: A review ", This page was last edited on 20 September 2021, at 08:31. In the same interview he stated, "Kennedy hadn't said before he died whether, faced with the loss of Vietnam, he would [completely] withdraw; but I believe today that had he faced that choice, he would have withdrawn. The secretary believed that the United States could afford any amount needed for national security, but that "this ability does not excuse us from applying strict standards of effectiveness and efficiency to the way we spend our defense dollars.... You have to make a judgment on how much is enough." An emphasis on efficiency is not enough; it’s also vital to focus on innovation and place large bets even if they have uncertain returns. [113] Instead, the standard tactics of bringing massive firepower to bear in the form of napalm and artillery strikes against the guerrillas often killed civilians, fueling support for the VC. Beyond substantive policy differences, the Montreal speech reflected the personal frustrations of its authors at ISA, none more so than Yarmolinsky. Today, 15 years of largely inconclusive war should demand 8 ("Be … In a remarkable 1967 speech at Millsaps College, in Mississippi, he offered a stirring vision of management. He may have made some decent ones, but they’re completely overshadowed by numerous policies and decisions that are the worst. Unfortunately, McNamara never recognized the numbers were falsified, because he trusted numbers as “truth.”. Found inside... as opposed to allowing international financiers, corporate leaders and the ... his successful push to have Michael Harrington replace Robert McNamara as ... LBJ takes over. Shareholder value creation had the advantage of being precisely and objectively measurable—and made CEOs like Roberto Goizueta, Sandy Weill, and Jack Welch legends. In December 1961, he established the United States Strike Command (STRICOM). Robert McNamara spent the last chapter of his life striving mightily to atone for the sins — his sins — of Vietnam. In this illuminating essay, Rosenzweig, a professor of strategy and international business at IMD, presents McNamara not only as an idealist and an accomplished manager but as the personification of management itself in his time. [27], The Development Concept Paper examined performance, schedule, cost estimates, and technical risks to provide a basis for determining whether to begin or continue a research and development program. You haven't read it, and if you have, you obviously didn't understand it". [35] Later on in 1963, a White House release announced that Admiral Anderson was the new American ambassador to Portugal. [48], In 1962, McNamara supported a plan for mass spraying of the rice fields with herbicides in the Phu Yen mountains to starve the Viet Cong out, a plan that was only stopped when W. Averell Harriman pointed out to Kennedy that the ensuing famine would kill thousands of innocent people. With Robert McNamara, Fidel Castro, Barry Goldwater, Lyndon B. Johnson. [111] Although he was a prime architect of the Vietnam War and repeatedly overruled the JCS on strategic matters, McNamara gradually became skeptical about whether the war could be won by deploying more troops to South Vietnam and intensifying the bombing of North Vietnam, a claim he would publish in a book years later. [166] According to Martha Finnemore, the World Bank under McNamara's tenure "sold" states poverty reduction "through a mixture of persuasion and coercion. [73], Although South Vietnam by 1964 was receiving a sum of American economic and military aid that ran to $2 million per day, the South Vietnamese state was falling apart with corruption reaching such a point that most South Vietnamese civil servants and soldiers were not being paid while the projects for "rural pacification" that the United States had paid for had collapsed as the money had instead been stolen. That force may be unbridled emotion; it may be greed; it may be aggressiveness; it may be hatred; it may be ignorance; it may be inertia; it may be anything other than reason. But the mistakes I made are not the ones they say I made'. In 'I Made Mistakes', Aurélie Basha i Novosejt provides a fresh and controversial examination of Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara's decisions during the Vietnam War. Rethinking ‘McNamara’s War’. What’s the most efficient way to allocate resources to achieve our objectives? About. As McNamara said in his 1962 annual report, "The military tactics are those of the sniper, the ambush, and the raid. [142], Besides Stennis, the other members of the Senate Armed Forces Committee were senators Henry M. Jackson, Strom Thurmond and Stuart Symington, all of whom were very hostile to McNamara in their questioning of him. Watch Bill discuss Howard Schultz's potential presidential run. Robert McNamara’s Leadership. Take it back! [95] McNamara was forced to tell Johnson that the Flaming Dart raids had done little damage owning to the heavy clouds, which caused the pilots to miss when dropping their bombs, and more raids would be needed. "Robert S. McNamara and the Evolution of Modern Management. Following Cuba's aftermath, McNamara stated, "There is no such thing as strategy, only crisis management. He traveled to South Vietnam many times to study the situation firsthand and became increasingly reluctant to approve the large force increments requested by the military commanders. [55] In March 1963, Vann resigned from the Army as he was informed that his career was over. It’s tempting to think of today’s problems as qualitatively different from those that confronted past generations. I saw McNamara as a hard driving but compassionate leader, committed to addressing major issues in the world. It is a mechanism whereby free men can most efficiently exercise their reason, initiative, creativity, and personal responsibility. The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara (2003) The story of America as seen through the eyes of the former Secretary of Defense under President John F. Kennedy and President Lyndon B. Johnson, Robert McNamara. [128] Through Gelb was a hawk who had written pro-war speeches for the Republican Senator Jacob Javits, he and his team became disillusioned as they wrote the history; at one point when discussing what were the lessons of Vietnam, Paul Gorman, one of the historians went up to the blackboard to write simply, "Don't. Furthermore, U.S. carmakers might have fared better against foreign competition from efficient companies with economical cars if McNamara’s views had prevailed. Kennedy told McNamara: "All right, You can fire one. hush chap 30. In September 2004, McNamara wed Diana Masieri Byfield, an Italian-born widow who had lived in the United States for more than 40 years. He visited Vietnam and met with Vo Nguyen Giap, commander of the North Vietnamese forces, to discover where things had gone awry in that conflict. The F-111 would eventually find its niche as a tactical bomber and electronic warfare aircraft with the Air Force. [74] In May 1964, Senator Richard Russell advised Johnson against relying too much on McNamara, saying "McNamara is the smartest fella any of us know. Stars: Jay O. Sanders, Craig Sechler, Lance Lewman, Will Lyman. They were nicknamed the Whiz Kids. Watch Bill's discussion with Mayo Clinic CEO Gianrico Farrugia on telemedicine, the National Plasma Trial, and Serology tests. [174] Neu wrote his impression was that McNamara was a figure who thought in the short term while Giáp thought in the long term. He also stated later that his support of the war was given out of loyalty to administration policy. Barry was an infantry platoon leader in Vietnam in 1967-68, and he saw a lot of combat, winning a Bronze Star. Robert McNamara was born in San Francisco, California. President-elect Kennedy, very much concerned with defense matters although lacking Eisenhower's mastery of the issues, first offered the post of secretary of defense to former secretary Robert A. Lovett. When Lovett declined, Kennedy chose Robert S. McNamara on Lovett's recommendation. Every generation of managers wrestles with questions about its purpose. [138], Senator John C. Stennis was a conservative Southern Democrat who enjoyed much influence as a senior member of the Senate Armed Forces Committee. • We viewed the people and leaders of South Vietnam in terms of our own experience … Watch Bill's discussion on Sen. Warrens' proposal for employees to elect 40% of corporate boards. At the Department of Defense, it took an outsider to bring coherence to the management of the American military establishment, subordinating the interests of each branch to the overall purposes of the nation. Today, 15 years of largely inconclusive war should demand [156] Johnson knew that McNamara was concerned about poverty in the Third World, and that the possibility of serving as World Bank president would be too tempting for McNamara to resist. [R]ational decision making depends on having a full range of rational options from which to choose. . Planning and directing were essential, yes, but toward what ends? [146] In an interview with his biographer, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Johnson stated that McNamara was "cracking up" as the pressures of the war were too much for him, and so he decided to fire him as it would have been "a damn unfair thing to force him to stay". Answer (1 of 2): This is a loaded question. [166] Prior to his tenure at the World Bank, poverty did not receive substantial attention as part of international and national economic development; the focus of development had been on industrialization and infrastructure. [78] On 4 August 1964, the Maddox and another destroyer, the USS Turner Joy, initially claimed to have been attacked by the North Vietnamese torpedo boats in international waters on a stormy night, but shortly afterward reported there was probably no attack. Robert Mcnamara Analysis. After the war, Henry Ford II hired McNamara and a group of other Army Air Force veterans to work for Ford Motor Company. Lessons from one of the most controversial managers in modern history. Ironically, McNamara´s greatest strengths were his greatest weaknesses and led to his downfall. April 2004. And not to quantify what can be quantified is only to be content with something less than the full range of reason…. On Nov. 29, 1967, President Lyndon Johnson announced that Robert McNamara, the secretary of defense, would leave his post to run the World Bank. He was equally determined about other cost-saving measures. Harvard Business School Professor, former Medtronic CEO, Posted on July 13, 2009 by Bill George | As paradoxical as it may sound, the real threat to democracy comes from undermanagement, not from overmanagement. [69] During his visit, McNamara spoke memorized phrases in mangled Vietnamese (McNamara kept forgetting that Vietnamese is a tonal language) in speeches praising Khánh as South Vietnam's "best possible leader". Because the Reserves were never called up, the Army had to send much of its manpower to Vietnam, leaving the U.S divisions in Western Europe in a "skeletal" condition as there was a shortage of volunteers. "[166] McNamara negotiated, with the conflicting countries represented on the Board, a growth in funds to channel credits for development, in the form of health, food, and education projects. McNAMARA, Robert Strange (b. Typical of his era, McNamara was an advocate of central decision making: “I always believed that the more important the issue, the fewer people should be involved in the decision,” he told his biographer Deborah Shapley. In the end, his willingness to examine the mistakes of the past and learn from them may be his greatest legacy. “Maybe it was both.”. (As you can tell, when you hear best practices, run away, quickly) As one of … Robert Kennedy had no experience in foreign policy crisis, but was a member because the President trusted him. [20], According to Special Counsel Ted Sorensen, Kennedy regarded McNamara as the "star of his team, calling upon him for advice on a wide range of issues beyond national security, including business and economic matters. [111] McNamara devised the "body count" measurement to determine how well the Americans were doing, reasoning if the Americans were inflicting heavy losses as measured by the "body count", it must be a sign that they were winning. Watch Bill discuss the latest CEO changes at Uber and Boeing. [104] To make up the shortfall, the Army had to rely upon the draft, which caused much domestic opposition, especially as the draft system offered generous exemptions for those attending university and college, leading to the burden of the draft falling disproportionately upon men from poorer families. [92] Bundy and McNamara wrote "the time for has come for hard choices" as the United States now had the alternatives of either negotiating with North Vietnam to "salvage what little can be preserved" or to resort to intervention to "force a change". [103] Johnson accepted the first recommendation while rejecting the latter, disregarding Bundy's warnings that to send more troops would paradoxically mean less leverage over South Vietnam. Answer (1 of 6): He did not start the war, but deserves credit for screwing it up by applying experience at Ford Motor to try to run it profit and loss style using the latest management “best practices” of the day. [13] McNamara established a statistical control unit for the XX Bomber Command and devised schedules for B-29s doubling as transports for carrying fuel and cargo over The Hump. One was an antagonism toward Cuba. [138] Johnson said about him: "You know, he's a fine man, a wonderful man, Bob McNamara. McNamara was an eager and receptive student of the new methods. Source: LBJ Presidential Library, Austin, TX, used with permission. These "Whiz Kids" helped reform Ford with modern planning, organization, and management control systems. This resulted in systemic overstating of the number of North Vietnamese and Vietcong killed. EMAIL. Click here for a timeline of Robert McNamara’s legacy. What constraints do we face, whether in manpower or material resources? Watch Bill discuss Howard Schultz's potential presidential run. Organizational processes sometimes inadvertently steer people into making bad decisions. At Ford it took someone from outside the auto industry to provide analytical clarity as well as to focus on passenger safety. Watch Bill discuss the impacts of Elon Musk's behavior and the success of Tesla. My rule has been: Try to learn. After earning his master’s of business administration, in 1939, he returned to San Francisco for a year, before accepting an offer to join Harvard Business School as a faculty member. 'S vaccine candidate and global coronavirus vaccinations funded projects global coronavirus vaccinations regarding Minh 's regime McNamara wrote decades.! 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