how does religion affect homelessness

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568494612001081], Giabbanelli PJ, Torsney-Weir T, Mago VK: A fuzzy cognitive map of the psychosocial determinants of obesity. Immigration has risen in the United States and is at its highest since the 1930s. The use of an FCM is particularly advantageous for graphically representing the interacting relationships of concepts which appear in phenomena related to social science, political science, organizational theory, military science, and international relations [8]. Privacy Psychiatr Serv. Though homelessness is not only a women's issue, there are some challenges only homeless women face. Law enforcement officers are not the problem. Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI), 2012 IEEE International Conference on. Homelessness in King County disproportionately affects African American men who make up 26% of the homeless population, but account for only 6% of the total population as classified by race. Numerous articles were retrieved and scanned for each pair of linked concepts using only recently published (since the year 2000), peer reviewed, empirical articles. Three prototypical cases were then developed and the model was run to ensure it would function in accordance with the determined relationships prior to the actual weights on the edges being refined through a literature search for the linguistic terms. 2004, 29 (8): 1558-1572. 2011, [http://stophomelessness.ca], Shelton KH, Taylor PJ, Bonner A, van den Bree M: Risk factors for homelessness: evidence from a population-based study. In this model, we activated low levels of addiction and social network, high levels of education and income, and moderate levels of family breakdown as shown in Table 7. Then, for each factor, a plot of the value of homelessness versus the initial value of the concept was recorded. My son is homeless and lives in a van. 41% said this was a long term problem. Homelessness … First a virtual common-sense map was built based on the researchers’ personal and historical knowledge of the factors which they perceived to affect homelessness. e Though religious nonprofits in some locales have faced escalating restrictions on homeless outreach in recent years, their efforts are working. Virtual common-sense map of homelessness. J Drug Issues. Int J Law Psychiatry. Entrenched homelessness can affect attitudes to homelessness. 2010, 21 (4): 1234-1249. 2005, 56 (7): 840-846. Mothers often do not report their status out of fear that their children will be taken away. For example, Muslims do not eat, touch, or gift with their left hand, because they think that it is evil. i For example, in comparing the plots for, “Addictions”, and, “Cost of Housing”, it can be seen that they both are monotonically increasing. 2005, 60 (3): S152-S159. J Commun Psychol. Urban Institute Roundtable: Employment Dimension sof Prisoner Reentry and Work: Understanding the Nexus Between Prisoner Reentry and Work. Nearly half of young LGBT people left homeless after coming out are from religious backgrounds. Together these factors impact levels of homelessness … 2008, 108 (3): 237-246. 2000, 90 (12): 1939-1941. The connection matrix, W, may also be defined algebraically, demonstrating the influence concepts have on one another [7]. The values, Very Low (VL), Low (L), Medium (M), High (H), and Very High (VH) were used to categorize each term. To be fully homeless is to live without shelter; however, many experience partial homelessness that can include uncertain, temporary, or sub-standard shelter. Homelessness affects a wide variety of people. Econ Educ Rev. Those who are wealthy and educated are also much more likely to be capable of identifying and acquiring the services they might need, such as being able to pay for family counseling rather than being wait-listed for government supplied family counseling. In some cases, families have an apartment to themselves. Dickerson J, Kosko B: Virtual worlds as fuzzy cognitive maps. The national figure also does not include people who are sleeping rough. This model demonstrates, once again, the importance of family and social support as well as the incredibly negative effects of drug addiction, both as a cause and result of family breakdown. CAS  The FCM built to model the complex social system of homelessness reasonably represented reality for the sample scenarios. 2000, 8 (2): 165-171. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. denotes the length of the shortest path from node x to node y. Closeness centrality indicates how quickly a concept node affects other nodes of the FCM [96]. Much of the empirical literature support this [41, 59, 78]. Fuzzy logic (FL) is a mutli-valued logic technique that is approximate. Cite this article. 2007, 12 (5): 696-708. This is expressed by a vector C Since the FCM is not strongly connected, the length of the shortest path for some pairs of nodes is, in fact, infinite. [http://www.ncsociology.org/sociationtoday/v91/education.htm], Clarke M, Feeny S: Education for the end of poverty: implementing all the Millennium Development Goals. … Degree centrality of each node/concept, in a given weighted and directed graph, is defined as the sum of the absolute values of the weights of the outgoing and incoming edges [8, 95]. Addiction. Therefore, the length of each path will be at most 4×13=52, which is still an overestimation of the paths in the graph. It's a strategy of disempowerment by dispossession. Waters J, Roberts A, Morgen K: High risk pregnancies: Teenagers, poverty, and drug abuse. 2007, 26 (6): 772-789. Each edge was assigned a weight depending on whether the antecedent concept exerted a positive effect (+1) or a negative effect (−1) on the consequent concept (Figure 3). In this way greater meaning, which captures and aggregates the nuances of the stressors and protective factors, is given to the existing empirical literature related to homelessness. Under states of emergency, normal state functions are often suspended in response to extraordinary circumstances. Skid Row exists because of our collective inclination to avert our eyes--to demarcate a space where undesirable bodies might be gathered. Analyzing the impact of social factors on homelessness: a Fuzzy Cognitive Map approach. The impacts of religion on the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community, mainly in the U.S.: Sponsored link. In particular, they look at capital structure, diversification, and investments. One remained my roommate for 12 years. 2010, 35 (2): 81-102. PubMed  Nearly 1.4 million school children were homeless in school year 2016-17. Yet housing, too, can simply mean putting the disenfranchised behind closed doors and out of view. 2011,, 9. 2012, 12 (12): 3771-3784. Though Mayor Eric Garcetti declined to affirm that declaration, his proposed budget, released last week, increases spending on homeless programs by $100 million next year. VH is defined using the triangular fuzzy membership function, as shown in Figure 5. Though addictions are shown as present in this modeled society, the low levels are unable to overwhelm the model. This told us that the initial value of the factor (0.1 to 1) made no difference on levels of homelessness and, obviously, was no help to our analysis. How Homelessness Affects People in a Community. Homeless support services, like shelters, are costly endeavors (and funding mostly comes from taxpayer money and private donations) (“Homelessness”). To conquer this problem, we choose a numerical value which is large enough to be considered as an infinite value. To refine the edge weights on the FCM, timely, empirical literature was searched. This process resulted in a scale of ordered and ranked values for each concept pair. In Los Angeles we spend a mere $26 million on affordable housing, compared to the $108 million we spent before 2008. Crane M, Byrne K, Fu R, Lipmann B, Mirabelli F, Rota-Bartelink A, Ryan M, Shea R, Watt H, Warnes AM: The causes of homelessness in later life: findings from a 3-nation study. The initial construction of this map demonstrated the disparity between the empirical truth of homelessness and what the researchers had learned over a lifetime of media and social propaganda. People experiencing homelessness face violations of a wide range of human rights.Access to safe and secure housing is one of the most basic human rights. Conklin TJ, Lincoln T, Tuthill RW: Self-reported health and prior health behaviors of newly admitted correctional inmates. The vector C Results of these trials were explainable according to current empirical knowledge related to homelessness. People cannot, and should not, be expected to make the journey out of homelessness without … Ecol Model. Most religions impart the teaching of peace and harmony. For example, Christian teachings encourage people to concern for the poor which will be rewarded in the afterlife. Ozesmi U, Ozesmi S: Ecological models based on people’s knowledge: a multi-step fuzzy cognitive mapping approach. J Interpers Violence. As in the case of the common-sense map of homelessness (Figure 3), this final model (Figure 11), acted in a manner which was fully explainable based on information acquired during the literature search and prior knowledge of the research team. 2001, Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press. Religions generally have greater social impact in poorer societies, where they tend to be supported more strongly by the majority. PubMed  J Heal Psychol. Schafer G: Family functioning in families with alcohol and other drug addiction. In Canada, each level of government is responsible for different facets of homelessness. The Lancet. For example, the length of shortest path for each node to the node, “Cost of Housing”, is infinite. 2005, 95 (10): 1747-. In this subsection, we describe the results of the analysis based on two types of centrality: degree centrality and closeness centrality. Aust N Z J Criminol. Norman G, Streiner D: Biostatistics: the bare essentials. […] And, if it does not, it might be that indeed the predictor does not contribute to the health outcome or it might be that the covariance fallacy is responsible for the result (which is the confusion of correlation with causation). Therefore, it can be stated that addictions affect homelessness by a factor of +0.648. Part of Race and discrimination are integral to addressing homelessness, in part due to a history of the historical segregation of cities and public housing, according to Megan Hustings, director of the advocacy organization National Coalition for the Homeless … D’Souza D, Perry E, MacDougall L, Ammerman Y, Cooper T, Wu Y, Braley G, Gueorguieva R, Krystal J, et al: The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Another approach to analyze the most influential factor is through measures of centrality. Google Scholar. Even in areas where housing is readily available, many families cannot afford to live there. It is true that the world’s major religions are concerned with moral behavior. 2009, 121 (2): 395-408. Addiction and mental illness are often co-morbid and both commonly precede family breakdown [51]. Along with its other hardships, does homelessness bring a burden of stigma beyond that experienced by poor people who have homes? Am J Pub Health. This has implications for government policy-making and, again, demonstrates the usefulness of FCMs for describing complex social problems such as homelessness. Callan S, Baggaley M, Bolton D, Farmer P, Fonagy P, Frank I, Gill M, Gray R, Leach P, McAttram M, Thompson C: Mental Health: Poverty, ethnicity, and family breakdown. However, homelessness is not just about housing. 2008, 27: 63-81. Explore this article. 2004, USA: National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge, Mass, Higgitt N, Wingert S, Ristock J: Voices from the margins: experiences of street-involved youth in Winnipeg. Google Scholar. Together these factors impact levels of homelessness through their dynamic relations. A brief description of the techniques, with an example is presented in the subsequent subsection. The current care system does not meet children’s health and education needs. Concepts which have the reverse - a negative effect on homelessness, should demonstrate a decrease in homelessness as they are increased. 2005, 14: 27-47. Psychiatr Serv. Read more about hypothermia and how we can prevent unnecessary homeless deaths in our Winter Services Report >> Share this infographic about how cities respond to the increased needs of people experiencing homelessness during … Yoder KA, Whitbeck LB, Hoyt DR: Event history analysis of antecedents to running away from home and being on the street. This means that “Education” gives and receives the greatest direct influence on all other concepts, whereas “Cost of Housing” gives and receives the least. 2 Homelessness and Neoliberalism in LA: A Crisis of Values. The municipal governments, are seen as the hands or arms of the provincial government, and are technically not responsible for homelessness; however are often involved in choosing sites for social housing, supporting emergency shelters and hospital emergency wards, as well as providing support, in a variety of ways, to facilitate these initiatives. Comparison of the affects of individual concepts on levels of homelessness (a) shows the impact of Addiction, Criminal Justice System, Cost of housing and Social Network on Homelessness (b) highlights the impact of Education, Family Breakdown, Government Assistance and Income on Homelessness and (c) depicts the impact of Mental Illness, NGO, Poverty and Childhood hardships. A typical homeless family is comprised of a single mother with her two young children. At the core of the FCM structure are the concepts to be studied and modelled. Rather than using traditional logic theory where binary sets have a two-valued logic (i.e., true, 1, and false, 0), fuzzy variables have a truth-value between 0 and 1, allowing them to be valued between absolutely true and absolutely false. So people of following religion and culture will adopt it in their social life which minimizes the chances of violence. Case 3: In this scenario, at the end of iteration 1, the effects of addiction, prior criminal justice system involvement, and family breakdown are held at bay by the protective factors of income, education and counselling. Freeman R: Can we close the revolving door? This stress can affect the child emotionally, physically, physiologically and intellectually. European Group of Public Administration Conference,. Example 1: As explained in the previous section, all qualitative values assigned to the edges came from the literature review. It means fighting for policies that allow the homeless to feel safe wherever they are. Most people experiencing homelessness don't actually live on the streets, but find themselves living temporarily with … This then causes the closeness centrality for that node to drop to zero. ON denotes the presence of the concept and VH denotes the weight value (qualitatively). 2006, 21 (10): 1385-1393. Walker-Dalhouse D, Risko VJ: Homelessness, poverty, and children’s literacy development. One-year outcomes of treated and untreated alcohol-dependent individuals. Int J Drug Policy. Fertig AR, Reingold D: The characteristics and causes of homelessness among at risk families with children in twenty american cities. In order to avoid simply remaking our "neoliberal bed," we will need to remake our values as we replenish the housing stock. Johnson R: Ever-increasing levels of parental incarceration and the consequences for children. Tsadiras AK: Comparing the inference capabilities of binary, trivalent and sigmoid fuzzy cognitive maps. 4 demonstrates that the increase in E eventually leads to decreases in C, BW, BP, and HD. homelessness affect attitudes toward poor persons? http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? Government Budgets; Jobs; Health Care; 1 … 2001, 45: 51-65. Homelessness and poverty Poverty is an underlying cause of homelessness. How Does Homelessness Affect Educational Outcomes of Children in Florida? This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The LAPD spent as much as $87 million in one year for containment and enforcement, allowing us to avert our eyes from homelessness. Also the same study showed that on average an estimated 6,000 kids under the age of … Concepts which have higher convergent rates should demonstrate a greater impact on levels of homelessness. Through a gradual reduction process we found that by setting the initial concept values at 0.01 and running three iterations we were able to generate reasonable and useful plots (see Figure 12) which could then be compared for effects on levels of homelessness. Activated concepts at levels most closely representing a typical real-world case with graphical representation of the impact of concepts on levels of homelessness over time. Specifically, we incentivize the aggressive policing and containment of homelessness when it infringes on "urban renewal" in the form of high-cost housing developments. 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation 2011. The problem of homelessness is really situated in factors that occur at the micro-, meso-, and macro-levels of society; future research should aim to refine the FCM by sorting factors into their appropriate levels thereby allowing differentiation between what the individual is potentially capable of controlling and that which he or she is not. Written by Ana Sandoiu on July 20, 2018 — Fact checked by. We task our police with keeping these undesirable bodies contained. This, in turn, allows for a much more realistic picture of homelessness. PubMed Google Scholar. We received this question via Shawna E. from via our latest website survey. To conduct the network analysis we first set the initial values for all concepts at a level of 0.5 and checked the levels of homelessness after 5 iterations. This research provides empirical support for the usefulness of this model, not only for researchers and social scientists, but for others who reside within a society where homelessness is experienced. However, given that education and income continue to exert force, homelessness is not a certainty. at step k, W Fuzzy Cognitive Map with qualitative weighted edges. Some people may be more vulnerable to homelessness. Similarly, each edge was given a quantitative weight by converting the qualitative values gleaned from the literature search. Occidental College, Los Angles, California: [http://oxy.dev.guidance.com/sites/default/files/assets/UEP/Comps/2011/Chloe\%20%7CLee%7D_ABCs\%20to\%20Improve\%20Homeless\%20Education.pdf], Friedman D: Social impact of poor housing. As shown, the concept “Education” has the greatest degree centrality while the concept “Cost of Housing” has the least. The APA Policy Guide on Homelessness lays out APA's member-supported positions on the issue, clarifying what homelessness is, whom it affects, what the costs are, what's currently being done to address it, and ultimately what planners can do to reduce homelessness. Some argue that pushing homeless people to Skid Row allows them to receive resources that are not available elsewhere. Simply put, we have constructed this state of emergency through neglect and poor policy-making. Ideally, for a factor with a positive effect on homelessness, the value of homelessness should increase as the value of the factor increases, gradually converging to a positive value. The result of the degree and closeness centrality computation in our FCM is displayed in Table 8. Homelessness is devastating, dangerous and isolating. This allowed for confidence that the model was functioning as it ought to and that we had captured not only a number of the integral aspects which contribute to homelessness, but that they were functioning in the direction and strengths which approximated real-life conditions. One in 30 American children experience homelessness annually; 51% … We are also grateful for technical support from the IRMACS Centre, Simon Fraser University, BC. However, due to the known cumulative negative effects of addiction, social isolation increases, signalling the likelihood that, over time, there will be an increased possibility of family breakdown and greater challenges controlling the addiction resulting in the increased likelihood of crime. Those with high levels of social support such as family, church, social groups, community groups, school friends and community friends are often better able to weather threats such as addictions and family breakdown. Sivanandam S, Sumathi S, Deepa S: Introduction fuzzy logic using MATLAB. to concept C More families and children are . The FCM is particularly suitable due to its dynamic nature and ability to simulate potential policy changes and show predicted outcomes on levels of homelessness. Homelessness is defined as living in housing that is below the minimum standard or lacks secure tenure. Homelessness presents itself in different ways in different contexts. Dixon L, McNary S, Lehman AF: Remission of substance use disorder among psychiatric inpatients with mental illness. A Likert-type scale was devised to determine the qualitative weight of each linguistic term. This choice is made as we are interested in understanding the impact of increase or decrease of initial concept values on the overall stability of the map [91]. Gray D, McDonald T: Does the Sophistication of use of unemployment insurance evolve with experience?. Fam J. Many homeless families live in shelters run by a city, county, church, or a community group. Mar 14, 2018. Case 3: Uncertain outcome of homelessness. J Gerontology Series B: Psychol Sci Soc Sci. Initial work on this research project was conducted during the IRMACS Modelling Summer School. All three studies indicated that as levels of addiction increase they exert a positive effect resulting in increases in levels of homelessness. Therefore, F H=0, C=0, B W=0, and B P=0. Unsafe and Unwell: How Homelessness Affects Women and How to Help. This approach is similar to the Big-M method described in operation research theories [97]. Sullivan JX, Turner L, Danziger S: The relationship between income and material hardship.

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