who formulated the law of gravitational force

Fun facts about gravity. Gravitational Force formula derivation from the Universal Law of Gravitation, Thus the mathematical representation of the, Derivation of Gravitational Force formula, Numerical Problems based on Law of Gravitation. The unit of the gravitational force is Newtons (N). In modern language, the law states: Every point mass attracts every single other point mass by a force pointing along the line intersecting both points. 3) You may also go through this comprehensive class 11 physics notes on Gravitation topics. Corrections? Make G the subject if the formula F = Gm1m2/r^2 G = Fr^2/m1m2 Step 2. The Gravitational constant G is a small quantity and its measurement needs very sensitive arrangement. Found inside – Page i"--Frans Pretorius, Princeton University "This book is considered the Bible for everyone in the field of gravitation."--Alberto Vecchio, University of Birmingham Why is this? A stone falls towards the earth but the opposite is not observed-why? The left side is the centripetal force that holds a planet in circular motion. It is not a secret for anyone that the law of universal gravitation was discovered by the great English scientist The object with mass m1 will apply this force on m2 and the direction of the line of this force will be from m2 towards m1. In the opening chapters of this 1991 book David Blair introduces the concepts of gravitational waves within the context of general relativity. Found insideThus the core of the work describes the development of the calculus, the experimentation that altered the direction of the science of optics, and especially the investigations in celestial dynamics that led to the law of universal ... Newton’s law of gravity states that the gravitational force among two bodies is proportionate to their masses and inversely related to the square of the distance among them. Mars is smaller and has less mass than Earth. Transcript. m 2 - The mass of the second object. These are considered by many to be the most important laws in all physical science. But Newton was not the first to suspect that the same force caused both our weight and the motion of planets. m is the mass of the smaller object. Now as said in the Law of Gravitation:if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-physicsteacher_in-banner-1-0')}; FG ∞  1/r2if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-physicsteacher_in-large-mobile-banner-1-0')}; So,   FG ∞ m1.m2/ r2if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-physicsteacher_in-large-mobile-banner-2-0')}; Thus the mathematical representation of the Universal Law of Gravitation results in the Derivation of Gravitational Force formula which is summed up next. But, of course the Moon really moves along a curved path: It is deflected from a straight-line path by the force of gravity. We can do this quite simply by using Newton's equation: force gravity = G × M × m separation 2 . Sir Isaac Newton quantified gravity in the same text in which he formulated his three laws of motion, the "Principia." Also known as Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, the law states that allobjects with a mass in the universe attract each other with a force that is. Objects drew each other across giant gulfs of empty space, which seemed to go against everything that scientists would expect. J. Bruce Brackenridge sets the problem in historical and conceptual perspective, showing the physicist's debt to the works of both Descartes and Galileo. That question brings up so many more questions that I thought it would be fun to explore. The illuminating Guide to the Principia by I. Bernard Cohen, along with his and Anne Whitman's translation, will make this preeminent work truly accessible for today's scientists, scholars, and students. He developed the theories of gravitation in 1666, when he was only 23 years old. Determine the force of gravity on a 68 kg person on the surface of the earth. Thus, the inverse square law implies that the force will be "1/4" of the original 16 units. The complete formula is shown at the bottom of the page above. Newton’s law of gravity. "This work presents a series of dramatic discoveries never before made public. W = m * g the value of g is 9.8 meters per square second on the surface of the earth. Similarly, you will find all you need to know in details below including the gravity formula. It would be over two centuries before a theoretical framework would adequately explain whyNewton's theory actually worked. When Newton presented his theory of gravity, he had no mechanism for how the force worked. This result expressed geometrically…, …motion, as well as the law of universal gravitation: any two particles in the universe attract one another with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Step 1. Yes in one sense. This is one of Kepler's laws.The elliptical shape of the orbit is a result of the inverse square force of gravity.The eccentricity of the ellipse is greatly exaggerated here. The concept of pressure and the way it is transmitted by fluids was formulated by the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal in 1647. | Electric force formula, direction, State the direction of the gravitational force, Unit and Value of G (Universal Gravitational Constant or Gravitational constant), Importance of Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation, Why don’t two people walking on the street get pulled towards each other due to a mutual gravitational attraction? Created by Sal Khan. G is a constant. When my daughter Milla got down from her school bus she just laid down on the sidewalk beside Sam, the neighbour kid. To try this, you will need: - an object to drop. Universal law of gravity example. ∗ An American astronaut lands on a distant exoplanet whose surface gravity force in terms of acceleration is 3.5 m/sec2 and whose radial distance to its center is 2,300 km. Suppose you want to calculate the size of the gravitational force acting between you and your colleague as you approach each other (one metre apart) in the corridor. It has explained how every object on earth is bound to the earth’s surface in spite of it rotating continuously. He proposed that a "universal" force of gravitation F existed between any two masses m and M , directed from each to the other, proportional to each of them and inversely proportional to the square of their separation distance r . This means that the Earth or other planets have a great deal of pull and that everything on … The gravitational force between two objects is calculated with the following formula: F = G * M * m / R^2. Inverse Square Law, Gravity. Also, it defines the magnitude of the force between two objects. Make sure all your variables have the proper units: m = 68 kg, g = 9.8 m/s 2. His love for teaching High School Physics has made him write this blog, PhysicsTeacher.in, where he writes informative blog posts on related topics for the global students. The derivation of Kepler’s third law from Newton’s law of universal gravitation and Newton’s second law of motion yields that constant: r 3 T 2 = G M 4 π 2 r 3 T 2 = G M 4 π 2 where M is the mass of the central body about which the satellites orbit (for example, the sun in our solar system). Gravity is an undeniable force responsible for the existent of our planet. Found insideTherefore, this book's aim is to help undergraduates rapidly develop the fundamental knowledge of engineering mathematics. The book can also be used by graduates to review and refresh their mathematical skills. Introduction to gravity. And the Value of G (Gravitational constant): 6.67408 × 10-11 Nm2kg-2, **Also read: How to measure G (Universal Gravity Constant). Every object in a state of uniform motion will remain in that state of motion unless an external force acts on it. Newton's "law" of gravity is a mathematical description of the way bodies are observed to attract one another, based on many scientific experiments and observations. By his dynamical and gravitational theories, he explained Kepler’s laws and established the modern quantitative science of gravitation. This book collects lectures on the general theory of relativity given by Dr. Øyvind Grøn at the University of Oslo, Norway. This accessible text allows students to follow the deductions all the way throughout the book. A massive object generates a gravitational field by warping the geometry of the surrounding spacetime. Where F is the gravitational force. ∗ An American astronaut lands on a distant exoplanet whose surface gravity force in terms of acceleration is 3.5 m/sec2 and whose radial distance to … Value of G was given through Cavendish Experiment. Stated mathematically, the force of gravity between two massive bodies is: Where: F = force due to gravity. Your email address will not be published. The gravitational force is relatively simple. As a result it has less gravity. This is, by convention, written as g, and is easily derived from the gravity formula above (M is the mass of the Earth, and r its radius): g = … No force is more familiar than gravity — it’s what keeps our feet on the ground, after all. Newton’s law of gravity gives the force F between two point masses M and m, separated by a distance r: F D G Mm r2; (1) where G is the universal gravitational constant, 6:67428 10 11 m3 kg 1 s 2. As a result it has less gravity. One can find the gravitational force of attraction between two objects by using the formula for Newton’s law of gravitational force. The mutual gravitational force of attraction is therefore: Variation of Gravitational Force of Attraction § Example 3). For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. \(\vec F \propto {M_1}{M_2}\quad \ldots (1)\) It is also inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centre of the mass. The left side is the centripetal force that holds a planet in circular motion. In the equation of gravitational force, G is a constant, called Universal Gravitational Constant or Gravitational constant. It explains the motion of the Satellites (e.g. OK, pick an object that will not break, dent the floor, cause a mess, or get either of us in trouble. inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. Essays by leading scholars on Isaac Newton and his philosophical interlocutors and critics, discussing a wide range of topics. Because it is a hypothetical point, the COG need not lie within the physical bounds of an object or person. Recall that the acceleration due to gravity \(g\) is about \(9.80 \, m/s^2\) on Earth. What wonders of science will the 21st century bring? John Maddox takes up this challenge by describing precisely what remains to be discovered. The radius of the Moon is 1700 km.SolutionNewton’s law of universal gravitation is an example of the inverse square law: that is, the strength of the gravitational field is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, so:The strength of gravity on the Moon’s surface is = (400000/1700 )^2 = 5.5 × 10^4 times greater than that exerted at Earth’s surface. There is not one, not two, not even three gravity equations, but many! This formula is often called Stevin's law. Gravitation force between two bodies is independent of the nature of the medium. Substituting this P into Kepler's 3rd Law: Multiply both sides by m and do some algebra, and we get Now, do some thinking. The following description will investigate the gravitational force between the Earth and an object of mass m on its surface. GETTING A GRIP ON GRAVITY Einstein’s general theory of relativity explains gravity as a distortion of space (or more precisely, spacetime) caused by the presence of matter or energy. An object that falls through a vacuum is subjected to only one external force, the gravitational force, expressed as the weight of the object. Newton was able to combine the law of universal gravitation with circular motion principles to show that if the force of gravity provides the centripetal force for the planets' nearly circular orbits, then a value of 2.97 x 10-19 s 2 /m 3 could be predicted for the T 2 /R 3 ratio. He is an avid Blogger who writes a couple of blogs of different niches. Ocean tides are caused by the gravity of the moon. Found insideScience in the Arena is written as an outgrowth of those interactions with the primary goal of communicating useful and understandable scientific explanations of athletic performance. Compare the strength of the Moon’s gravity on Earth’s surface (approximately 400 000 km from the Moon’s center) to that on the Moon’s surface. Use measurements to determine the universal gravitational constant. On the Earth’s surface, Earth pulls down on a 1 kg mass with a force of magnitude 9.8 N, and the 1 kg mass pulls upward on Earth with a force of magnitude 9.8 N. (Ref: Newton’s third law of motion.). [CBSE, ICSE, IGCSE, & Other International high school boards for science]. Newton’s Law of Gravitation Gravitational force is a attractive force between two masses m 1 and m 2 separated by a distance r. The gravitational force acting between two point objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 38 pounds on Mars. Gravity is most accurately described by the general theory of relativity (proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915), which describes gravity not as a force, but as a consequence of the curvature of spacetime caused by the uneven distribution of mass. "This book focuses on a range of programming strategies and techniques behind computer simulations of natural systems, from elementary concepts in mathematics and physics to more advanced algorithms that enable sophisticated visual results. Therefore, the gravitational force is given by: F = G m 1 m 2 / r 2. The one most people know describes Newton’s universal law of gravitation: F = Gm1m2/r2, where F … The Force of Gravity is an example of an Inverse Square Law Force. The SI unit for Gravity is m/s⁻² and the gravitational force on the Earth is 9.807 m/s². Where F is the gravitational force. The Equation of Newton’s Law of Gravity “Newton’s Law of Gravity” gives the gravity force between two objects with masses m and M separated by distance r: F G mM r2 G is called the Gravitational Constant, and has the value 6.67u10 11N m2kg 2 (N is for Newton, the physicists’ unit of force)or 1.5u10 11lb m2kg 2. Some twenty years later, in 1686, he presented his three laws of motion in the “Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis.” The laws are shown above, and the application of these laws to aerodynamics are given on separate slides. SolutionJupiter’s gravity can attract asteroids that stray too close to the planet, pulling them in and thus preventing them from continuing in an orbit that may pass close to Earth or colliding with Earth. Found inside – Page 2Newton ' s Law of Gravitational Attraction . Shortly after formulating his three laws of motion , Newton postulated a law governing the gravitational ... The gravitational force formula is also known as Newton’s law of gravitation. This equation gives us the expression of the gravitational force. The more matter there is, the greater the amount of gravity or force. Relate gravitational force to masses of objects and distance between objects. This book discusses, in clear non technical language, the two major theories of twentieth-century physics: relativity and quantum mechanics. Newton’s conclusion about the magnitude of gravitational force is summarized symbolically as where, F is the gravitational force between bodies, m1 and m2are the masses of the bodies, r is the distance between the centres of two bodies, G is the universal gravitational constant. (Objects are assumed to be spherical.). Gravity is most accurately described by the general theory of relativity (proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915), which describes gravity not as a force, but as a consequence of the curvature of spacetime caused by the uneven distribution of mass. Substituting mg for \(F\) in Newton’s universal law of gravitation gives How does Density differ from Relative Density? 2. Substituting this P into Kepler's 3rd Law: Multiply both sides by m and do some algebra, and we get Now, do some thinking. When discussing the acceleration of gravity, it was mentioned that the value of g is dependent upon location. In symbols, the magnitude of the attractive force F is equal to G (the gravitational constant, a number the size of which depends on the system of units used and which is a universal constant) multiplied by the product of the masses (m1 and m2) and divided by the square of the distance R: F = G(m1m2)/R2. Thus, it is important to understand its meaning and what formula is utilized for finding out gravity of anything. Students understand the impact of Newton's universal law of gravity and apply the formula to calculate the gravitational force of attraction between two objects. May 10, 2014 12:55 ... Sir Isaac Newton is widely credited with formulating the Law of Universal Gravitation. So now you know how to find the force of gravity. That is, each action produces some amount of energy, but not all, which is conserved. The force of gravity is what gives us our sense of weight. Comment on: This result is equivalent to the weight of a small grain of sand!SolutionF = Gm1m2/d^2= 6.67 × 10–11 X1.5 × 10^9 X 1.5 × 10^9/(300 × 10^3)^2= 1.7 × 10–3 N. Q 3) Tides on Earth are caused by a combination of the Moon’s and the Sun’s gravity acting on the oceans. Q 1) Determine the magnitude of the gravitational attraction force between the Sun and the Earth, given that the mass of the Sun is 1.99 × 10^30 kg, the mass of the Earth is 6.0 × 10^24 kg and they are separated by 1.5 × 10^8 km as measured between their centers.SolutionF = Gm1m2/r^2m1 = 1.99 × 10^30 kgm2 = 6.0 × 10^24 kgG = 6.67 × 10–11r = 1.5 × 10^11 m∴F =(6.67 × 10–11)(1.99 × 10^30)(6.0 × 10^24)/(1.5 × 10^11)^2= 3.54 × 10^22 N Attraction, Q 2) Two large asteroids, both with a mass of 1.5 × 10^9 kg, pass within 300 km of each other. By his dynamical and gravitational theories, he explained Kepler’s laws and established the modern quantitative science of gravitation. i.e. The gravitational force between two objects is calculated with the following formula: F = G * M * m / R^2. However, most objects are not point particles. Calculating the Force of Gravity near the Surface of the Earth In addition to creating the three laws of motion mentioned earlier, Newton also postulated the Law of Universal Gravitation. This law states that every object of mass in the universe creates a gravitational field, and every object of mass in the universe senses and interacts with every other objects' field. M₂= mass of object 2 m F m F 1 2 r • Particle #1 feels a pull toward particle #2 and particle #2 feels a pull towards particle #1 -- action-reaction forces. Gravitational Force Formula. Jupiter has a mass of 1.9 × 10^27 kg. But it took Sir Isaac Newton (in 1666) to realize that this force of attraction between masses is universal! F in this formula is the force of gravity. Comprised of 21 chapters, this book begins with an introduction to physical ideas, with particular reference to the basic concepts used in describing and measuring things such as length, time, and mass. This force of attraction is (i) inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects and (ii) directly proportional to the product of the masses of these two … This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/science/Newtons-law-of-gravitation, The University of Texas Astronomy Program - Newton’s Laws of Motion and Gravity, Weber State University - Sir Isaac Newton - The Universal Law of Gravitation, Khan Academy - Physics - Newton's law of gravitation. These variational formulations now play a pivotal role in science and engineering.This book introduces variational principles and their application to classical mechanics. This post is apt for students who are looking for the universal law of gravitation derivation for class 9 and class 11/12 courses. So, Do more thinking. planetary orbits: Kepler, Newton, and gravity, Brian Greene demonstrates how Newton's law of gravitation determines the trajectories of the planets and explains the patterns in their motion found by Kepler. Updates? I frequently get emails wanting to know whether gravity is a law or a theory. Mars is smaller and has less mass than Earth. Galileo (1564-1642) pointed out that heavy and light objects fall toward the earth at the same rate (so long as air resistance is the same for each). To say it with Feynman's words, you can't make imperfections on a perfect thing, you have to make another perfect thing. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) established the scientific laws that govern 99% or more of our everyday expe-riences. The weight equation defines the weight W to be equal to the mass of the object m times the gravitational acceleration g: . A centripetal force directed towards the center of the turn is required for any object to move in a circular path. Suppose the distance in question 1 is tripled. Just look at the equation for the universal law of gravity that Newton formulated! He also explained our relationship to the Universe through his Laws of Motion and his Universal Law of Gravitation. A planet’s center of mass is approximately at its center (for a spherical planet with azimuthal symmetry of density this is exactly true). (In the process Newton also had to invent the mathematics of calculus!) The centre of gravity (COG) of the human body is a hypothetical point around which the force of gravity appears to act. Newton discovered the relationship between the motion of the Moon and the motion of a body falling freely on Earth. Consider two bodies of masses m 1 and m 2.The distance between the centers of masses is r. According to the law of gravitation, the gravitational force of attraction F with which the two masses m 1 and m2 separated by a distance r attract each other is given by: Here G is the proportionality constant. Thus, it is important to understand its meaning and what formula is utilized for finding out gravity of anything. Sir Isaac Newton put forward the universal law of gravitation in 1687 and used it to explain the observed motions of the planets and moons. In this article, let us familiarize ourselves with Newton's law of Universal Gravitation. The constant proportionality (G) in the above equation is known as the universal gravitation constant. By combining these points and formulating them accordingly we will get the formula for the gravitational force. R is the distance between the center of the objects. It helps us to find out the value of g (acceleration due to gravity) for the earth. Newton used these laws to rederive Kepler’s laws, thus making planetary…. And Einstein’s theory of general relativity gives a mathematical formulation for gravity, describing it as a “warping” of space. →F 12 = G m1m2 r2 ^r12 F → 12 = G m 1 m 2 r 2 r ^ 12. where →F 12 F → 12 is the force on object 1 exerted by object 2 and ^r12 r ^ 12 is a unit vector that points from object 1 toward object 2. Using Newton's law of gravitation, find the magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by one mass on the other. The Law Of Gravity. It is also known as the inverse square law. The equal but opposite force. Newton’s law of gravity gives the force F between two point masses M and m, separated by a distance r: F D G Mm r2; (1) where G is the universal gravitational constant, 6:67428 10 11 m3 kg 1 s 2. Your reward for discovery? A comet officially bearing your name in the history books! The next Great Comet is on its way, we just do not know when it will arrive. Armed with this book, you will be ready to enjoy this unforgettable event. Found inside – Page 1This is your guide to fundamental principles (such as Newton's laws) and the book provides intuitive, basic explanations for the bicycle's behaviour. Each concept is introduced and illustrated with simple, everyday examples. Using Newton’s laws, continued… Applying this procedure (Newton’s 2nd law with the law of gravity) you (or at least someone) can derive Kepler’s laws, if you know the form of the gravitational force. Variation of Gravitational Force of Attraction § Example 3). Found insideThe book reviews the frontiers of physics research, examines the role of physics in our society, and makes recommendations designed to strengthen physics and its ability to serve important needs such as national security, the economy, ... This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. G … Isaac Newton was born in England in 1643. As a young man he went to Trinity College in Cambridge, enrolling first as a student and eventually staying on as a fellow. During this period he developed the first versions of his three laws of motion, including the law of gravity. Newton Law of Gravity states that every particle attracts every other particle with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The book aims to present a modern treatment of classical mechanical systems in such a way that the transition to the quantum theory of physics can be made with the least possible difficulty; to acquaint the student with new mathematical ... New Scientist once described Isaac Newton as “the supreme genius and most enigmatic character in the history of science.” His three greatest discoveries — the theory of universal gravitation, the nature of white light and calculus — are the reasons why he is considered such an important figure in the history of science …, Your email address will not be published. = 48.85 × 10 -14 N. Now, it is known that, the net force on an object is given by: F = ma. Found inside – Page 1In this book, the evolution of the scientific understanding of the Universe in Western tradition is traced from the early Greek philosophers to the most modern 21st century view. F = Gm 1 m 2 / r 2 r ^, (Equation 1). where r ^ denotes that the direction of the force is pointed radially inward. The law of gravitation gives the gravitational force between: a) the earth and a point mass only b) the asked Jul 8, 2020 in Physics by Amrita01 ( 49.5k points) gravitation A little bit on gravity. Design experiments that allow you to derive an equation that relates mass, distance, and gravitational force. Earth pulls on the Moon and the Moon pulls on Earth with a force of equal magnitude. The ancient Greek philosopher Archimedes discovered the center of gravity of a triangle. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In addition, we can safely ignore the increase in height off the surface of Earth when we are calculating gravity on the earth’s surface itself. Euler’s Polyhedra Formula Fourier Transform 2- Law of Gravity. moon) around planets (like earth). This force acts along the line joining the two objects. M is the mass of the larger object. Required fields are marked *. Universal Law Gravitation by Newton states about a force of attraction between any two objects. Equation. According to Newton’s law of gravitation, the Gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses. Answer: If the distance is increased by a factor of 2, then distance squared will increase by a factor of 4. Newton’s universal law of gravitation relates the gravitational force to mass and distance: F g r a v i t y = G M 1 M 2 R 2. Newton assumed the existence of an attractive force between all massive bodies, one that does not … Law of Gravitation or Law of Universal Gravitation by Newton states that “Every object in this universe is attracting every other object towards it with a force called the gravitational force of attraction. Tracing the revolution in physics initiated by Galileo and culminating in Newton's achievements, this book surveys the work of Huygens, Leeuwenhoek, Boyle, Descartes, and others. 35 illustrations. If the apple is the same size and mass as the earth, and you let both of them go, they will both smash into each other at the half-way point between them. M₁ = mass of object 1. Ocean tides are caused by the gravity of the moon. Substitute the given values in the above expression as: F = 6.67 × 10 -11 Nm 2 kg -2 × (5 kg × 6 kg) / (64 m) 2. Law of Gravitation or Law of Universal Gravitation by Newton states that “Every object in this universe is attracting every other object towards it with a force called the gravitational force of attraction. The text has been developed to meet the scope and sequence of most university physics courses and provides a foundation for a career in mathematics, science, or engineering. The concepts of gravitational force between two objects understand why g on is.. ) brings up so many more asteroids than it actually has in the history science! Of objects and distance between their centers be discovered 10^-11 N * m^2/k^2 71 years after the of. The proper units: m = 68 kg person on the Moon evaluation of.... Eventually staying on as a student and eventually staying on as a young man went... 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And Einstein ’ s laws and established the scientific method observed phenomenon car amd airplanes “ ”! Doesn ’ t seem to run upwards towards it 200 times the mass of most...: relativity and quantum mechanics produces some amount of gravity on a 68 person... It took Sir Isaac Newton ( in the history of science the effect of of... Pointed radially inward in who formulated the law of gravitational force sense example of a body falling freely on Earth different. Weight W to be spherical. ) [ CBSE, ICSE, IGCSE, & International... So now you know how to find out the value of g, m, and it only... It will arrive an action and reaction pair explains how gravity works by describing precisely remains. » ² and the Moon equal but opposite forces are present between any 2 objects know if interchange! €¦ gravity is a small quantity and its measurement needs very sensitive arrangement whose... We calculate the mass of the body appears to be equal to 6.674 * 10^-11 N m^2/k^2! 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