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Nasir was criticized for his authoritarian methods against opponents and for his iron-fisted methods in handling an insurrection by the Addu islanders who formed a short-lived breakaway government – United Suvadives Republic – with closer ties to the British. [116], The Chola rulers built several palaces and fortifications to protect their cities. Re: Understanding the US - Again. Even crimes such as manslaughter or murder were punished with fines. The reason for temple vimanas (entrance towers or the main shrine tower) to be the only taller structure in the whole village or the city. This continued during the time of Rajaraja Chola III the son and successor of Kulothunga Chola III[80][85], The Hoysalas played a divisive role in the politics of the Tamil country during this period. [103] The Chola Dynasty was divided into several provinces called mandalams which were further divided into valanadus, which were subdivided into units called kottams or kutrams. Muhammad Amin Didi, President of the First Maldivian Republic (1953), Beginning in the 1950s, political history in Maldives was largely influenced by the British military presence in the islands. Maldives police joined the protesters after refusing to use force on them and took over the state-owned television station[which?] [83][84] At the close of the 12th century, the growing influence of the Hoysalas replaced the declining Chalukyas as the main player in the Kannada country, but they too faced constant trouble from the Seunas and the Kalachuris, who were occupying Chalukya capital because those empires were their new rivals. The first reference to an Iranian origin dates to an 18th-century Persian text. Launched in 1991, the Asian Yearbook of International Law is a major refereed publication dedicated to international law issues as seen primarily from an Asian perspective, under the auspices of the Foundation for the Development of ... [6] The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by naval raids on cities of the city-state of Srivijaya, as well as by the repeated embassies to China. [212], The period was in particular significant for the development of Telugu literature under the patronage of the rulers. Their settlement in Sri Lanka and the Maldives marks a significant change in demographics and the development of the Indo-Aryan language Dhivehi, which is most similar in grammar, phonology, and structure to Sinhala, and especially to the more ancient Elu Prakrit, which has less Pali. It stitched together and rigged the dhows that plied the Indian Ocean. According to a legend from Maldivian folklore, in the early 12th century AD, a medieval prince named Koimala, a nobleman of the Lion Race from Sri Lanka, sailed to Rasgetheemu island (literally "Town of the Royal House", or figuratively "King's Town") in the North Maalhosmadulu Atoll, and from there to Malé, and established a kingdom, named Dheeva Mari Kingdom. Chola The statue of "Eros" in London's Piccadilly Circus isn't a depiction of Eros at all, but is supposed to be who or what else? [143], There existed a brisk internal trade in several articles carried on by the organised mercantile corporations in various parts of the country. Both Rajendra and Raja Rajendra Chola ruled almost the entire South India, Northern Sri Lanka and South East Asia. [113], Justice was mostly a local matter in the Chola Empire; minor disputes were settled at the village level. The most famous of Indian Hindu Kings were Raja Chola and his son Rajendra Chola who invaded Southern Thailand, Kedah, Perak, Johor and Sumatra about 1000 AD. Thanks to reader Mr. Krishnan who sent Paula at 8/16/2010 06:00:00 a m the following post which I believe will strike a chord in our hearts :-). First published in 1972, this first volume of Professor Lamb’s study of our changing climate deals with the fundamentals of climate and climatology, as well as providing global data on the contemporary climates of the twentieth century. It was during this period that the culture of the Maldives as we now know it both developed and flourished. The market structure and economic policies of the Chola dynasty were more conducive to a large-scale, cross-regional market trade than those enacted by the Chinese Song Dynasty. There are also lots of older militants and young guys look up to them. [67] Even under the emperors of the Cholas like Kulothunga I and Vikrama Chola, the wars against the Chalukyas were mainly fought in Chalukya territories in Karnataka or in the Telugu country like Vengi, Kakinada, Anantapur, or Gutti. [citation needed]. [172], The Chola conquest of Kadaram (Kedah) and Srivijaya, and their continued commercial contacts with the Chinese Empire, enabled them to influence the local cultures. [133] During the Chola period silk weaving attained a high degree and Kanchipuram became one of the main centres for silk. Mentions in the early Sangam literature (c. 150 CE)[a] indicate that the earliest kings of the dynasty antedated 100 CE. A new Constitution was ratified in August 2008, paving the way for the country's first multi-party presidential election two months later. Comparative studies of Maldivian oral, linguistic and cultural traditions and customs indicate that one of the earliest settlers were descendants of fishermen from the southwest coasts of present India and the northwestern shores of Sri Lanka. [citation needed] The peaceful election was seen as ushering in a period of political stability and economic development in view of Maumoon's priority to develop the poorer islands. Thereafter, until the reign of Vikrama Chola in 1133 CE when the Chola power was at its peak, these hereditary lords and local princes virtually vanished from the Chola records and were either replaced or turned into dependent officials. [183] A new development in Chola art that characterised the Dravidian architecture in later times was the addition of a huge gateway called gopuram to the enclosure of the temple, which had gradually taken its form and attained maturity under the Pandya Dynasty. [11][12] They were also well known for their art, specifically temple sculptures and 'Chola bronzes', exquisite bronze sculptures of Hindu deities built in a lost wax process they pioneered; that continues (to a certain extent) to this day. The elections in late 2013 were highly contested. He expanded the Chola state into an extensive, well knit empire. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan wants to turn the iconic Hagia Sophia into a mosque again. This can be attributed to the shift in money power. RAM KICKING REGNANT SITA TO THE FOREST BECAME A REALITY. [26] Kaveripattinam also served as an early Chola capital. The nation’s rise is one of the great international stories of the late twentieth century, and in India Unbound the acclaimed columnist Gurcharan Das offers a sweeping economic history of India from independence to the new millennium. Crimes of the state, such as treason, were heard and decided by the king himself; the typical punishment in these cases was either execution or confiscation of property. Majumdar (1937, pp. Around 1118, they lost control of Vengi to the Western Chalukya and Gangavadi (southern Mysore districts) to the Hoysala Empire. He was sent by [18] Cholas are mentioned in the Pillars of Ashoka (inscribed 273 BCE–232 BCE) inscriptions, where they are mentioned among the kingdoms which, though not subject to Ashoka, were on friendly terms with him.[c]. Yameen's policy of connecting Islam with anti-Western rhetoric represented a new development. [139][140] Agriculture was the principal occupation for many people. The islands thus achieved full political independence, with the ceremony taking place at the British High Commissioner's Residence in Colombo. It took 65 of 87 seats of the parliament. It is also said that at that time, the people from Mahiladvipika used to travel to Sri Lanka. The Maldives had and abundant supply of cowrie shells, a form of currency that was widely used throughout Asia and parts of the East African coast since ancient times. The Chola Empire, though not as strong as between 850–1150, was still largely territorially intact under Rajaraja Chola II (1146–1175) a fact attested by the construction and completion of the third grand Chola architectural marvel, the chariot-shaped Airavatesvara Temple at Dharasuram on the outskirts of modern Kumbakonam. [70][71] A Pakistan Navy P-3C Orion in 2010. National Gallery of Australia returns . The High Court upheld the jail sentence in January 2021. [49][50] Thanjavur became the capital of the Imperial Chola Dynasty. It is also the most populous democracy in the world, bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. The best example of this can be seen in the form of Nataraja the Divine Dancer. [56] [88], The Pandyas steadily routed both the Hoysalas and the Cholas. Parantaka I also defeated the Rashtrakuta dynasty under Krishna II in the battle of Vallala. [229][230] Historian Nilakanta Sastri identifies Krimikanta Chola with Adhirajendra Chola or Virarajendra Chola with whom the main line (Vijayalaya line) ended. Cured in pits, beaten, spun and then twisted into cordage and ropes, coir's salient quality is its resistance to saltwater. For other uses, see, Map showing the greatest extent of the Chola empire, The age of Sangam is established through the correlation between the evidence on foreign trade found in the poems and the writings by ancient Greek and Romans such as. The first party to register was the MDP headed by popular opposition figures such as Mohamed Nasheed (Anni) and Mohamed Latheef (Gogo). Rajendra Chola built this temple, which is similar to the Brihadisvara temple built at Thanjavur by his father Raja Raja Chola exactly 1,000 years ago.-D. KRISHNAN Very substantial. [20][21][22] This is also seen when Ibn Batuta visited Mogadishu, he mentions that the Sultan at that time, "Abu Bakr ibn Shaikh Omar", was a Berber (Somali). [201][202][203] Periapuranam was another remarkable literary piece of this period. Found inside – Page iThe books presents the study undertaken by the ASEAN-India Centre (AIC) at Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS) on India’s cultural links with Southeast Asia, with particular reference to historical and ... Raja Raja Chola Copper Massa. [citation needed] The plan was ill prepared and by noon the PLOTE militants and the Maldivian allies fled the country realising they had already lost. Maldives lay on the maritime trading routes of early Egyptian, Mesopotamian, and Indus Valley civilizations. During the period of Rajaraja III, the Hoysalas sided with the Cholas and defeated the Kadava chieftain Kopperunjinga and the Pandyas and established a presence in the Tamil country. SIVAJI GANESAN, 72, one of the brightest stars on the Tamil film firmament for nearly five decades, passed away at a Chennai hospital on July 21. [40] At its peak, the Chola Empire stretched from the island of Sri Lanka in the south to the Godavari-Krishna river basin in the north, up to the Konkan coast in Bhatkal, the entire Malabar Coast (the Chea country) in addition to Lakshadweep, and Maldives. The best known of these were the Manigramam and Ayyavole guilds though other guilds such as Anjuvannam and Valanjiyar were also in existence. 24. He escaped to Malé and tried to take control of Bandeyrige, but was beaten by an angry mob and died soon after.[34]. [7][page needed], Before embracing Buddhism as their way of life, Maldivians had practised an ancient form of Hinduism, ritualistic traditions known as Śrauta, in the form of venerating the Surya (the ancient ruling caste were of Aadheetta or Suryavanshi origins). [citation needed], Alternatively, it is believed that Vijaya and his clan came from western India – a claim supported by linguistic and cultural features, and specific descriptions in the epics themselves, e.g. [227][228] Ramanuja is said to have made Kulottunga II as a disciple of his nephew, Dasarathi. [24] The internal chronology of this literature is still far from settled, and at present a connected account of the history of the period cannot be derived. [237] Written in five volumes, this narrates the story of Rajaraja Chola, dealing with the events leading up to the ascension of Uttama Chola to the Chola throne. Picture of Narashima avatar in Hampi However, Tamil connections with Singapore can be traced as far back as the 11th -13th centuries CE based on recent interpretations of the Singapore Stone. [38][47], Vijayalaya was the founder of the Imperial Chola dynasty which was the beginning of one of the most splendid empires in Indian history. There was more involvement of non-Brahmin elements in the temple administration. [144] Rajendra Chola I dug near his capital an artificial lake, which was filled with water from the Kolerun and the Vellar rivers. Almost a fourth of the city had to be cordoned off during the unrest. [189][190][191] Among the existing specimens in museums around the world and in the temples of South India may be seen many fine figures of Shiva in various forms, such as Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi, and the Shaivite saints. This period saw constant warfare between the Cholas and the Pandyas. The most important weaving communities in early medieval times were the Saliyar and Kaikolar. [51], The Chola dynasty was at the peak of its influence and power during the medieval period. According to the story told to Ibn Battutah, a mosque was built with the inscription: 'The Sultan Ahmad Shanurazah accepted Islam at the hand of Abu al-Barakat Yusuf al-Barbari. [92][93] The Hoysalas were routed from Kannanur Kuppam around 1279 by Kulasekhara Pandiyan and in the same war the last Chola emperor Rajendra III was routed and the Chola empire ceased to exist thereafter. From the Coromandel Coast to the Straits: Revisiting Our Tamil Heritage presents a compendium of narratives that recount the experiences of Tamil diasporas in Southeast Asia and . [citation needed] But Nasir was challenged in 1959 by a local secessionist movement in the southern atolls that benefited economically from the British presence on Gan. [51] The Nagarakretagama , a Javanese epic poem written in 1365, referred to a settlement on the island called Tumasik (possibly meaning " Sea Town " or " Sea . [33], In the mid-17th century, the Dutch, who had replaced the Portuguese as the dominant power in Ceylon, established hegemony over Maldivian affairs without involving themselves directly in local matters, which were governed according to centuries-old Islamic customs. [52] Through their leadership and vision, Chola kings expanded their territory and influence. Local historian Hassan Ahmed Maniku counted as many as 59 islands with Buddhist archaeological sites in a provisional list he published in 1990. The descendant of King Raja Raja Chola, Suryavarman II built the Angkor Vat temple in Cambodia. [176][full citation needed] Chola rule is remembered in Malaysia today as many princes there have names ending with Cholan or Chulan, one such being Raja Chulan, the Raja of Perak. The first resort in the Maldives was Kurumba Maldives which welcomed the first guests on 3 October 1972. [105], Before the reign of Rajaraja Chola I huge parts of the Chola territory were ruled by hereditary lords and local princes who were in a loose alliance with the Chola rulers. However, these were only temporary setbacks, because immediately following the accession of king Vikrama Chola, the son and successor of Kulothunga Chola I, the Cholas lost no time in recovering the province of Vengi by defeating Chalukya Someshvara III and also recovering Gangavadi from the Hoysalas. This book provides a comprehensive yet concise narrative of the history of the Khmer Rouge, from its inception during the 1950s through its eventual reintegration into Cambodian society in 1998. [95], According to Tamil tradition, the Chola country comprised the region that includes the modern-day Tiruchirapalli District, Tiruvarur District, Nagapattinam District, Ariyalur District, Perambalur district, Pudukkottai district, Thanjavur District in Tamil Nadu and Karaikal District. forcibly switching the broadcast opposition party leader Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's call for people to come out to protest. Several people were severely injured as personnel from the Maldivian National Security Service (NSS) – later Maldivian National Defence Force – used riot batons and teargas on unarmed civilians. Mercenaries, and later also the mastermind of the attempted coup, were tried and sentenced to death, later commuted to life in prison. Buddhism probably spread to the Maldives in the 3rd century BC, at the time of Aśoka. Found insidePresents works of art selected from the South and Southeast Asian and Islamic collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, lessons plans, and classroom activities. [147][148], During the Chola period several guilds, communities and castes emerged. Completed around 1030, only two decades after the temple at Thanjavur and in the same style, the greater elaboration in its appearance attests the more affluent state of the Chola Empire under Rajendra. [1] He studied the ancient mounds, called havitta or ustubu (these names are derived from chaitiya and stupa) (Dhivehi: ހަވިއްތަ) by the Maldivians, which are found on many of the atolls. A number of villages constituted a larger entity known as a kurram, nadu or kottam, depending on the area. Bell moreover had the chance to spend two or three in Malé, on same occasion. [32] In the Maldives, ships could take on fresh water, fruit and the delicious, basket-smoked red flesh of the black bonito, a delicacy exported to Sindh, China and Yemen. [61][unreliable source? [86] He also defeated two Pandya princes one of whom was Maravarman Sundara Pandya II and briefly made the Pandyas submit to the Chola overlordship. The history of Pakistan encompasses the region of the Indus Valley, which spans the northwestern expanse of the Indian subcontinent and the eastern Iranian plateau. [161][162] The Tang dynasty of China, the Srivijaya empire under the Sailendras, and the Abbasid Kalifat at Baghdad were the main trading partners. He is the 19th Prime Minister of India. His Ramavataram (also referred to as Kambaramayanam) is an epic of Tamil literature, and although the author states that he followed Valmiki's Ramayana, it is generally accepted that his work is not a simple translation or adaptation of the Sanskrit epic. You've just added this product to the cart: © 2015 -2020 Coins & Stamps.com. As his speedboat was docking at Male there was an explosion on board. [33] Yet, while he was in Ceylon for medical treatment, a revolution was brought by the people of Malé, headed by his deputy Velaanaagey Ibraahim Didi. An urn discovered in Maalhos (Ari Atoll) in the 1980s has a Vishvavajra inscribed with Protobengali script. [24] After his conversion of the population of Dogor (now known as Aw Barkhadle), a town in Somalia, he is also credited to have been responsible for spreading Islam in the Maldivian islands, establishing the Hukuru Miskiy, and converting the Maldivian population to Islam. [169], Under the Cholas, the Tamil country reached new heights of excellence in art, religion, music and literature. The Tirumukkudal inscription shows that a hospital was named after Vira Chola. It was founded by Sri Lumay or Rajamuda Lumaya, a minor prince of the Chola dynasty of India which occupied Sumatra. The main parties registered in Maldives are: the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP), the Dhivehi Raiyyithunge Party (DRP), the Islamic Democratic Party (IDP) and the Adhaalath Party, also known as the Adhaalath Party. The Maldives received rice in exchange for cowry shells. Found insideBarangay presents a sixteenth-century Philippine ethnography. [170] In all of these spheres, the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun in an earlier age under the Pallavas. Another link to North Africa was the Maliki school of jurisprudence, used throughout most of North Africa, which was the official one in the Maldives until the 17th century. The 2009 parliamentary election saw the Maldivian Democratic Party of President Nasheed receive the most votes with 30.81%, gaining 26 seats, although Maumoon's MPP, with 24.62% of the vote, received the most seats (28). Mandala BOOK III on Mandalas is continuation of the journey that the author took 1200 pages ago in Mandala I and describes how the NAKSHATRA or the alignment of stars at birth decide the destiny of a human. "China's economy is going down the tubes - they want to make a deal," Trump said in an interview with Fox Business Network. [g] Numerous Pallava inscriptions of this period mention their having fought rulers of the Chola country. Vietnam: Despite being under a one-party rule similar to that of China, Vietnamese had fought wars against China and won, and there have been times when the then arch-nemesis of Vietnam i.e. For instance, historically Arabic has been the prime language of administration there, instead of the Persian and Urdu languages used in the nearby Muslim states. The best known of these were the Manigramam and Ayyavole guilds who followed the conquering Chola armies. Although the invasion was not followed by direct Cholan occupation and the region was unchanged geographically, there were huge consequences in trade. 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Their buildings were probably built of wood, palm fronds and other perishable materials, which would have quickly decayed in the salt and wind of the tropical climate. Illustration by CW Rosett in The Graphic, depicting veranda sing (Fendaamathi Undholi) of royal palace (1885). [137] Wootz steel was a major export item. The manufacture of sea-salt was carried on under government supervision and control. During the past 150 years, historians have gleaned significant knowledge on the subject from a variety of sources such as ancient Tamil Sangam literature, oral traditions, religious texts, temple and copperplate inscriptions. [145][143], Hospitals were maintained by the Chola kings, whose government gave lands for that purpose. This unplanned and unorganized demonstration was the largest such protest in the country's history. Its aerial fighting unit is known as Naval Air Arm (also known as Naval Aviation) apart from the PAF. There was a class of hired day-labourers who assisted in agricultural operations on the estates of other people and received a daily wage. The period covered by the Sangam poetry is likely to extend not longer than five or six generations. It had four elements, comprising the cavalry, the elephant corps, several divisions of infantry and a navy. [28] However, there was little in common between the local chiefdoms of the earlier period and the imperial-like states of Rajaraja Chola and his successors. [8] Rajaraja Chola conquered peninsular South India, annexed parts of which is now Sri Lanka and occupied the islands of the Maldives. The Story Of Poonch , Which Is The Central Theme Of The Book, Gives A Vivid Picture Of The Conditions Under Which The Whole Campaign Was Fought. This Book, Which Is A Reprint, Is Fully Illustrated With Maps And Excellent Photographs. The Maldives were only marginally touched by the Second World War. Philippe Beaujard presents an ambitious and comprehensive global history of the Indian Ocean world, from the earliest state formations to 1500 CE. Supported by a wealth of empirical data, full color maps, plates, and figures, he shows how ... [51] The Nagarakretagama , a Javanese epic poem written in 1365, referred to a settlement on the island called Tumasik (possibly meaning " Sea Town " or " Sea . The Ashokan inscriptions speak of the Cholas in plural, implying that, in his time, there were more than one Chola. The government instituted a broader crackdown against political dissent. His activism, as well as civil unrest that year, pressured Maumoon into allowing for gradual political reforms.[51]. Apart from the doctors, other remunerated staff included a nurse, barber (who performed minor operations) and a waterman. [citation needed] While serving as prime minister during the 1940s, Didi nationalized the fish export industry. [63][64][65][66][67], Demonstrators were protesting what they considered the government's mismanagement of the economy and were calling for the ouster of President Mohamed Nasheed. [231][232] There is an inscription from 1160 AD which states that the custodians of Shiva temples who had social intercourses with Vaishnavites would forfeit their property. The unrest grew violent on the third night, on 14 August 2005, due to the methods used in the attempts by the authority to stop the demonstration. Those who believe that the president or the vice-president and the congress and the supreme kourt [sic] run this country are sadly mistaken. WION's Palki Sharma tells you why this move has triggered a major controversy. They established a centralized form of government and a disciplined bureaucracy. The region served both as the fertile ground of a major civilisation and as the gateway of South Asia to Central Asia and the Near East.. [11] The Maldives was the first landfall for traders from Basra, sailing to Sri Lanka or Southeast Asia. [139] These were the Vellalar community who formed the nobility or the landed aristocracy of the country and who were economically a powerful group. The Pandyas first steadily gained control of the Tamil country as well as territories in Sri Lanka, southern Chera country, Telugu country under Maravarman Sundara Pandiyan II and his able successor Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan before inflicting several defeats on the joint forces of the Cholas under Rajaraja Chola III, and the Hoysalas under Someshwara, his son Ramanatha[80] The Pandyans gradually became major players in the Tamil country from 1215 and intelligently consolidated their position in Madurai-Rameswaram-Ilam-southern Chera country and Kanyakumari belt, and had been steadily increasing their territories in the Kaveri belt between Dindigul-Tiruchy-Karur-Satyamangalam as well as in the Kaveri Delta i.e., Thanjavur-Mayuram-Chidambaram-Vriddhachalam-Kanchi, finally marching all the way up to Arcot—Tirumalai-Nellore-Visayawadai-Vengi-Kalingam belt by 1250. [26] After Rajendra Chola moved his capital to Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Thanjavur lost its importance. Theophilus was sent in the 350s to convert the Himyarites to Christianity, and went to his homeland from Arabia; he returned to Arabia, visited Axum, and settled in Antioch. [36] This served as a staging post for British military flights to the Far East and Australia, replacing RAF Mauripur in Pakistan which had been relinquished in 1956. Through these dependent officials the administration was improved and the Chola kings were able to exercise a closer control over the different parts of the empire. [220] Parantaka I and Parantaka Chola II endowed and built temples for Shiva and Vishnu. The conspiracy of death surrounds his brothers death Adithya Karikalan, not Raja Rajan. The river Kaveri and its tributaries dominate this landscape of generally flat country that gradually slopes towards the sea, unbroken by major hills or valleys. The most famous of Indian Hindu Kings were Raja Chola and his son Rajendra Chola who invaded Southern Thailand, Kedah, Perak, Johor and Sumatra about 1000 AD. Yameen employed Islam as a tool of identity politics, framing religious mobilisation as the solution to perceived Western attempts to undermine Maldivian national sovereignty. 171-72) was the first to suggest the possibility of a Chola raid on Srivijayan ports sometime in 1017. [36] This group cut ties with the Maldives government and formed an independent state, the United Suvadive Republic, with Abdullah Afif as president. [171] Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India. Protesters initially demanding the freeing of the pro-reformists arrested on the afternoon of 12 August 2004. [129] The vellan-vagai villages fell into two broad classes- one directly remitting a variable annual revenue to the state and the other paying dues of a more or less fixed character to the public [citation needed] The first accurate census was held in December 1977 and showed 142,832 persons residing in Maldives. In 2014, he was posthumously conferred with Bharat Ratna, the country's highest civilian award. He also pronounced that the great temples of Shiva and the Ranganatha temple were to be the Kuladhanam of the Chola emperors. Marana wrote Markandeya Purana in Telugu. He also prayed before him before his embarking on war to regain the territories in and around Kanchi and Arcot from the waning Rashtrakutas and while leading expeditions against both Madurai and Ilam (Sri Lanka). It was the age in which the great Telugu poets Tikkana, Ketana, Marana and Somana enriched the literature with their contributions. Within a short period of a decade fundamentalist practices dominated the culture.

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