battle of blair mountain deaths

September 6, 2020. Southern West Virginia remembers the Battle of Blair Mountain. With gunfire being exchanged throughout the march and in wooded, sheltered areas, it was difficult to ascertain, and even now, how many men were shot or injured at any given time. The miners made more progress when the battle was renewed on September 1. Chafin and his supporters had soon constructed a network of machine gun nests and trenches around Blair Mountain, a 2,000-foot peak that stood directly in the miners’ path. “Machine guns cracked up there so you would think the whole place was coming down on you,” miner Ira Wilson later recalled. That morning, a detachment of union men assaulted a spot called Craddock Fork with a Gatling gun looted from a coal company store. Today, union workers, their families, and activists of all stripes look back on Blair Mountain for inspiration about how to fight today’s battles and for lessons on how to persevere. They would not reach their goal; the marchers instead faced opposition from deputized townspeople and businesspeople who opposed their union organizing, and more importantly, from local and federal law enforcement that brutally shut down the burgeoning movement. Miners are also getting strike pay from the union and are supported by a food pantry. At the beginning of August, 1917, a multiracial group of tenant farmers and other people mostly from Oklahoma, including the infamous abolitionist John Brown's grandson, began what they hoped would turn into an armed uprising in Washington, DC, from different parts of the . But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! The Battle of Blair Mountain by Desmond Kilkeary, English Division. Kemp made his way with the others up White's Trace Branch at the foot of Blair Mountain. MARMET, WV (WOWK) - This week marks the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Blair Mountain, which took place in West Virginia. The Battle of Blair Mountain unfolded 100 years ago in what's been called the largest labor uprising - and the largest armed uprising - in U.S. history since the Civil War. Savage wrote in his book that the miner “expressed the pride of all that neither Sheriff Chafin nor [West Virginia] Governor [Ephraim] Morgan had stopped their march.”. The story of the Battle of Blair Mountain is not as widely known, considering its historical significance. It lasted four days, led to dozens of deaths, and ended only after President Warren G. Harding sent troops to disarm the miners. In August 1921, armed coal miners from the Kanawha Valley and the southern counties of Boone, Fayette, Mingo, McDowell, and Logan gathered at Marmet in Kanawha County. The Road to Blair Mountain, written by Charles B. Keeney and published by West Virginia University Press, is a nonfiction account of how a small group of activists used every legal avenue possible to keep the mountain preserved with the threat of mountaintop removal always looming. "Battle of Blair Mt . For his allegiance to the unionized miners of southwestern West Virginia, rather than the say, the nearby coal companies who employed them, Hatfield was gunned down on August 1, 1921, on the steps of the Welch County courthouse, alongside his friend Ed Chambers as their wives looked on in horror. Scores of union men streamed up the mountainside, but despite their superior numbers, they were repeatedly driven back by the defenders, who riddled them with machine gun fire from the high ground. On September 2, 1921, President Warren G., Harding heeded West Virginia lawmakers’ requests for federal troops. Abby Lee Hood Governor Andy Beshear holds COVID-19 briefing: some signs improve, others remain worrying - 11:00 p.m. Third employee from Lee County, Ky. elementary school dies of COVID-19 - 11:00 p.m. A health update on WYMT's Brandon Robinson - 6:00 p.m. The UMWA will retrace the miners’ 50-mile march over the weekend, and end with a rally on Labor Day. Two miners were killed, but as people ran from town to town the rumored death toll grew like a big fish story. Defying martial law, they gathered weapons and were met on Blair Mountain by forces mustered by the anti-union Logan County sheriff. David Corbin, Historian: The miners had fought the mine guards. Wes Addington, executive director of the Appalachian Citizens’ Law Center, who began taking on black lung disease cases more than a decade ago, says the spread of the illness has gotten worse in recent decades as miners are exposed to higher levels of rock silica. This Monday is Labor Day, and I hope you're all taking advantage of the three-day weekend. They set out from the small hamlet of Marmet, with the goal of advancing upon Mingo County, a few days’ travels away to meet the coal companies on their own turf and demand redress. The Social and Environmental Upheaval of Blair Mountain: A Working Class Struggle for Unionization and Historic Preservation Brandon Nida And Michael Jessee Adkins 2010 f Introduction Armed miners gathered by the thousands in the late autumn of 1921, streaming out of the hills and hollows of West Virginia. Miners are particularly upset because they took massive pay cuts to save the Warrior Met coal company from bankruptcy and have gotten none of the raises and benefits promised for their sacrifice. At least 16 men died in the largest U.S . The hostilities only ramped up in 1920, when the UMW finally started to organize workers in Mingo County. The miners surged forward and briefly broke the defensive line, only to be repulsed by a fusillade of bullets from a second machine gun nest located further up the ridge. At least 16 men died in the 12-day Battle of Blair Mountain before the workers surrendered to federal troops sent in by President Warren G. Harding. Logan forces fought back with a machine gun, but after three hours of heavy fire, their weapon jammed. The Battle of Blair Mountain One struggle we can learn from is the struggle of coal miners that led to the "Battle of Blair Mountain" 100 years ago in West Virginia. Probably unknown to most people, since 2002 the first week of April has been legally established (AB1900) as California Labor History Week, its purpose to bring greater awareness of worker's rights, work place safety issues, and labor history into the public schools. At least 16 men died in the 12-day battle, which included . All rights reserved. Miners then often lived in company towns like Matewan, paying rent for company-owned shacks and buying groceries from the company-owned store with “scrip.” Scrip wasn’t accepted as U.S. currency, yet that’s how the miners were paid. That morning, before the fog had lifted, Eli embarked from his camp with an advance scouting guard. “And the next day is a little worse.”, “Every miner’s lungs are black if they’ve worked in a mine any significant period of time,” adds Kentucky state representative Angie Hatton, whose husband has black lung. "On Dark and Bloody Ground" is compiled from a series of oral histories collected in 1972. Despite the seemingly low death toll, the Battle of Blair Mountain still looms large in the minds of today's Appalachian activists and organizers as a time when working class and impoverished . Guided walking Tour of Matewan tracing the events of the Battle of May 21, 1920 C. Admissions to the 1. Members of the Poor People's Campaign invoked the Battle of Blair Mountain after traveling by motorcade from Madison in Boone County to . I know I certainly will be! For years, miners had organized through unions including the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and United Mine Workers of America (UMWA), leading protests and strikes. Its legacy lives on today in the struggles faced by modern miners seeking workers’ rights. “It’s really an exhausting process to watch someone you care a lot about slowly die from a disease that causes you to have a little less breath every day,” Addington says. Copyright 2021 The Associated Press. However, Wilma Steele, a board member of the West Virginia Mine Wars Museum, says Matewan was one of the only towns in the United States where Black and white children, most commonly Polish, Hungarian and Italian immigrants, went to school together. I know I certainly will be! The Army was seen as a neutral force not under the influence of coal operators and a . This weekend, marchers are retracing the steps of thousands of coal miners who . Labor Day is a holiday in the United States that supposedly celebrates the achievements and history of working people. While seemingly an exciting series of escalations, the Battle of Blair Mountain and the Miners' March on Mingo ended abruptly over the weekend of September 3-4 as federal troops from Ohio, Kentucky, and New Jersey arrived by train. Other miners were white Appalachian hill folk. According to historical reports, several events. At least 16 men died before the miners surrendered to federal troops in September 1921. Some relatives of those involved will join others in retracing the steps that culminated in the 12-day Battle of Blair Mountain. In addition, the battle would in some ways mark the beginning of the end for the coal industry after the battle was over. Roughly 1,000 exhausted miners eventually surrendered to the army, while the rest scattered and returned home. At least 16 men died before the miners surrendered to federal . Coal Wars | The Battle of Blair Mountain American History Tellers. On August 24, the main body of coal miners set out from Marmet and headed south toward Mingo County. To help understand the heroic nature of their struggle, it's important to understand what life was like in the coal fields of West Virginia in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The United Mine Workers saw major declines in membership . Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. Deaths: 50-100 killed. The Battle of Blair Mountain was the largest labor uprising in United States history and the largest armed uprising since the American Civil War. An armored train raced through a tent colony of the evicted miners and sprayed their tents with machine gun fire, killing at least one. Probably unknown to most people, since 2002 the first week of April has been legally established (AB1900) as California Labor History Week, its purpose to bring greater awareness of worker's rights, work place safety issues, and labor history into the public schools. To help understand the heroic nature of their struggle, it's important to understand what life was like in the coal fields of West Virginia in the late 1800s and early 1900s. LOGAN, W.Va. (AP) - When a mine industry conflict a hundred years ago sparked the largest armed uprising in the United States since the Civil War, The Associated Press was there, sending multiple bulletins each day with updates on each development. The union wouldn’t reclaim the coalfields until the mid-1930s and the Great Depression, when workers’ rights to organize were enshrined in New Deal legislation such as the National Industrial Recovery Act. The NRHP is the official list of the nation's historic places worthy of preservation. Rockefeller's Colorado Fuel and Iron Company paid the salaries of the National Guardsmen who opened fire on a tent city of strikers and their families in Ludlow, Col. Sixty-six people were killed, including at least 11 children, as the tent city was set ablaze. The 10,000-strong Redneck Army clashed with the Logan Defenders at Blair Mountain. Striking miners drawing rations in West Virginia. Safety conditions were often deplorable, yet despite the efforts of groups such as the United Mine Workers (UMW), the mine operators had kept unions out of the region through intimidation and violence. “It takes something pretty awful for them to admit any sort of weakness or physical limitation. In addition, the battle would in some ways mark the beginning of the end for the coal industry after the battle was over. Keeney says it’s not clear what would've happened had the miners continued, but anything is possible. The so-called “Matewan Massacre” galvanized support for the UMW, which collected new members and organized a strike in the summer of 1920. And by the time they get to that point they’re near death.”. Florida adds 13,774 COVID-19 cases and 4 more deaths. But to many, they didn’t exactly lose. For five days in late August and early September 1921, in Logan County, West Virginia, some 10,000 armed coal miners confronted 3,000 . At the beginning of August, 1917, a multiracial group of tenant farmers and other people mostly from Oklahoma, including the infamous abolitionist John . For the rest of the day, the hills and hollows echoed with gunfire as the union men repeatedly attacked the defenders’ lines. The Battle of Blair Mountain was one of the largest civil uprisings in United States history and the largest armed rebellion since the American Civil War. By surrendering only to the federal government and not to local authorities, they proved they were a force to be reckoned with. The Battle of Blair Mountain was unique as it is the first time in American history that a military plane has been used in a surveillance role during a large-scale domestic confrontation. LOGAN, W.Va. (AP) — When a mine industry conflict a hundred years ago sparked the. The resulting fight, which history records as the Battle of Blair Mountain, was the nation's single largest armed uprising since the Civil War and its most violent labor insurrection. Labor leaders, including Keeney’s ancestor Frank Keeney, were cleared of charges related to the insurrection. They sought to wage war not against the United States but against coal operators. On the shoulder of a lonely stretch of highway miles into the hills, a sign stands in the weeds. In 1921, coal company towns were segregated, and Brown v. Board of Education was decades away. Deaths: 50-100 killed. He helped organize a raid on the town of Sharples on August 27, when around 70 police officers fired at opposing miners. Wright, whose father and grandfather were miners, say striking workers are attacked on the picket lines regularly. While the miners may have been a ragtag group, full of secrets, Keeney argues they were still well organized, as do historians who’ve recorded the history. This history of violence against the miners and their families, combined with low wages, dangerous jobs and what amounted to indentured servitude with a lifetime of debt were all contributors to the Blair Mountain uprising. Organizers of the centennial commemoration of the 1921 Battle of Blair Mountain — a five-day clash between pro-union coal miners and anti-union forces that included state police, mine guards, Logan County Sheriff's deputies and, eventually, U.S. troops — wanted to do more than mark an important historical anniversary. For five days in late August and early September 1921, in Logan County, West Virginia, some 10,000 armed coal miners confronted 3,000 lawmen and strikebreakers, called the Logan Defenders, who were backed by coal mine . Police chief Sid Hatfield was a friend to the miners of Matewan, West Virginia. Appalachians today find inspiration in that attitude and the organizing of the 1920s. Keeney said there were officially 20 fatalities, but that the real number was likely higher because both sides kept their casualties secret. It’s also true they threw down their guns when federal troops were called in. It's become somewhat of a tradition for me to visit historic sites associated with labor history over the holiday weekend, and this year, being the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Blair Mountain, will be no different. Despite the seemingly low death toll, the Battle of Blair Mountain still looms large in the minds of today’s Appalachian activists and organizers as a time when working class and impoverished Americans came together to fight for their rights. Thousands of coal miners had marched to unionize, fed up with poor wages and living conditions and angered by killings of their supporters. They are working on their debut nonfiction book, "Redneck Revolution," out in 2022 with the West Virginia University press. The local UMWA holds solidarity meetings and cooks meals for miners, families and the community each week. Defying martial law, they gathered weapons and were met on Blair Mountain by forces mustered by the anti-union Logan County sheriff. After Blair Mountain, small victories and bigger losses would change the landscape of union organizing. The Battle of Blair Mountain was unique as it is the first time in American history that a military plane has been used in a surveillance role during a large-scale domestic confrontation. Today’s coal miners face similar battles, though the specific injustices and locations have changed detai. Over the next couple of months, more blood would be shed. On September 2, 1921, President Warren G., Harding heeded West Virginia lawmakers’ requests for federal troops. The Battle of Blair Mountain was the largest labor uprising in United States history and one of the largest, organized, and well-armed uprisings since the American Civil War. The battle escalated to the point where company men used private planes to drop poisonous gas and explosives on three coal towns. Book: Blair Mountain Told Through Eyes Of Participants. Kenzie New, the museum’s director, says planning has been somewhat fluid because of ongoing COVID-19 concerns, but will start with a kickoff concert in Charleston, West Virginia, on Friday, September 3. The first heavy fighting in the Battle of Blair Mountain began on August 31, when a group of around 75 miners led by Reverend Wilburn stumbled across some of Chafin’s “Logan Defenders” on a wooded ridge. “They had been evicted from their company homes and machine-gunned in their union tents. Local black lung support groups and the Appalachian Citizens’ Law Center help miners get black lung benefits in court, but it’s not an easy task. Too Few Today Remember the Bloody Uprising of Miners at Blair Mountain. The Battle of Blair Mountain saw 10,000 West Virginia coal miners march in protest of perilous work conditions, squalid housing and low wages, among other grievances. On the shoulder of a lonely stretch of highway miles into the hills, a sign stands in the weeds. Later, it would rise and fall again, following a roller coaster of peaks and declines throughout the 20th century. In an alternative history, a miner coalition could have overwhelmed the local police force and coal-employed fighters to push forward on the march to Mingo. 157k members in the BreadTube community. This month marks the 100th anniversary since the end of the Battle of Blair Mountain in 1921, when as many as 20,000 coal miners in southern West Virginia waged armed combat against a private army . At least 16 men died in the 12-day Battle of Blair Mountain before the workers surrendered to federal troops sent in by President Warren G. Harding. Scattered fighting continued between the miners and the Logan Defenders until September 4, but most of the men welcomed the government intervention and laid down their weapons. Narrator: The known casualties in the three-day battle were remarkably small; as few as 20 men died on Blair Mountain. At least 16 men died in the 12-day battle, which included planes dropping bombs on the miners’ camps, before they surrendered to federal troops sent by President Warren G. Harding on Sept. 3, 1921. Their murder catalyzed a movement, the largest labor uprising in history, that remains resonant to this day. The planes dropped the homemade explosives over two of the miners’ strongholds, but failed to inflict any casualties. Above Photo: A Historical Marker At Blair Mountain Describes The Battle That Took Place There In 1921. Within days, thousands of union supporters had flocked to the outskirts of Marmet, a small town located near the state capital of Charleston. Some politicians and union officials may give speeches celebrating the efforts of the nation's working people. Even so, only about 20 men died overall in the Battle of Blair Mountain. For five days in late August and early September 1921, in Logan County, West Virginia, some 10,000 armed coal miners confronted 3,000 . The opposing sides clashed near Blair Mountain, a 2,000-foot peak in southwestern Logan County, giving the battle its name. There were at least 16 confirmed deaths in the battle, though no one knows exactly how many were killed before the US Army marched in to put a stop to the fighting. The Blair Centennial is only one example of the important labor history that brought diverse groups of people together 100 years ago. In Thunder in the Mountains, a thoroughly reported historical account of the battle, author and historian Lon Savage describes a testy, oppressed and angry group of laborers. At the ideological heart of this conflict that few have heard of was, as Smithsonian writes, a battle between "collectivism and individualism, the rights of the worker and the rights of the owner.". Before and during Blair Mountain, Logan County Sheriff Don Chafin ruled the region and sided with local coal operators, hoping to put down the rebellion and restore order in his jurisdiction. Manage My Data, According to Keeney, the miners’ doomed mission was the, closest thing to a class war” our country has seen. They’ve had five instances in which non-union workers who break picket lines try to ram picket lines with their vehicles. But recently Blair Mountain has received much greater attention in the public. Although the number of casualties has never been confirmed, the Battle of Blair Mountain has been called the "largest armed uprising since the Civil War.". At one point in the battle, the din also included the sound of falling bombs. This weekend, marchers are retracing the steps of thousands of coal miners who participated in the Battle of Blair Mountain in southern West Virginia. According to Chuck Keeney, historian and descendant of key labor leader Frank Keeney, the miners swore themselves to secrecy over who was leading them to avoid legal retaliation. 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